• Of note core autophagy factors also play

  2025-01-18

  

  Of note, core autophagy factors also play an important role during the infection of host cells by another type of picornavirus, namely, echovirus 7. ATG16L1 was found necessary for entry/internalization into Caco-2 polarized epithelial cells because the virus accumulated on the surface of ATG16L1-de

• Interestingly this situation might be

  2025-01-18

  

  Interestingly, this situation might be changed by the immunological context, in particular by the cytokines encountered during differentiation or activation. LPS-activation of bone marrow-derived DCs differentiated in GM-CSF decreases autophagy, CP2, and subsequent activation of CD4+ T cells (Fig. 2

• While the yeasts and see

  2025-01-18

  

  While the yeasts and (see Glossary) each contain only one Aurora homolog, Ipl1p (increase in ploidy 1) and Ark1 (Aurora-related kinase 1), respectively 5, 6, , and Xenopus laevis contain two Aurora kinases: Aurora A and Aurora B [4]. Mammals have three Aurora kinases, A, B, and C (Figure 1). In an

• inno-206 Previously using a P lacZ reporter

  2025-01-18

  

  Previously, using a P-lacZ reporter gene system, it has been shown that the β-galactosidase activity was 9-fold higher in the stationary phase inno-206 when compared with those of the exponential phase [15]. Furthermore, inositol supplementation did not have a major effect on the expression of β-ga

• We also measured macrophage infiltration and

  2025-01-18

  

  We also measured macrophage infiltration and CLS presence in peri-gonadal AT from db/db mice and controls. CLS are morphological features within AT that are accurate indicators of adipocyte death and macrophage infiltration [56]. An earlier study showed that CLS macrophages account for >90% of the t

• ASK has been identified as an ASK binding protein Wang

  2025-01-18

  

  ASK2 has been identified as an ASK1 binding protein (Wang et al., 1998). ASK1 supports the stability and active configuration of ASK2 in the heteromeric complex, while ASK2 has been found to activate ASK1 by direct phosphorylation (Takeda et al., 2007). Unlike ASK1, which is ubiquitously expressed i

• br Results br Discussion AP a

  2025-01-18

  

  Results Discussion AP-1, a heterodimeric transcription factor comprising various combinations of FOS, JUN, MAF, ATF, and CREB family proteins, has been known to play a pivotal role in leukocyte development for decades (Liebermann et al., 1998; Valledor et al., 1998). However, its participation

• The mechanism governing how mechanotransduction signals regu

  2025-01-18

  

  The mechanism governing how mechanotransduction signals regulate a number of genes involved in cartilage hemostasis remains unclarified. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are activated by static and dynamic compression of cartilage (31 32). c-Fos/AP-1 is downstream of the MAPK pathway

• Besides above mentioned UV visible and fluorescence spectros

  2025-01-18

  

  Besides above-mentioned UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy methods, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the only analytical method that detect compounds having unpaired electrons known as free radicals, was rarely used in antioxidant capacity measurement (Amarowicz et al., 2004

• Previous research showed that combination of chitosan and ce

  2025-01-18

  

  Previous research showed that combination of chitosan and Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) nanocrystals (CNCs) can produce coating films with superior properties (Naseri, Mathew, Girandon, Fröhlich, & Oksman, 2015). CNCs are crystalline nanometer sized rod-like particles. It has been demonstrated

• Perforation of the surface membrane however is not the only

  2025-01-18

  

  Perforation of the surface membrane, however, is not the only mechanism of calcium dysregulation by Aβ at the presynaptic terminals. When in excess, both monomers and oligomers modulate biophysical properties of voltage-activated calcium 3-bromo-5-phenyl Salicylic Acid as well as calcium release fr

• br The lipoxygenase pathway in the pancreatic islet and

  2025-01-18

  

  The 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway in the pancreatic islet and in diabetes mellitus Homeostasis of blood glucose is maintained by hormone secretion from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. More specifically, insulin produced by the β Zoledronic Acid of the islet plays a major role in proper maintena

• br Functions essentially consisting in transport of substrat

  2025-01-17

  

  Functions essentially consisting in transport of substrates across plasma membranes Direct activation of neurotransmitter transporters elicits responses in neurons As previously mentioned (Section 2.1), nerve terminals handling classical transmitters possess transporters able to (re)capture se

• It is also possible that adrenoceptor activation may

  2025-01-17

  

  It is also possible that α2-adrenoceptor activation may inhibit glutamate accumulation by upregulating the glutamate-buffering activity of Müller matrix metalloproteinases through EAAT1 or adjusting EAAT2 in bipolar cells, as well as the NMDA receptor. Therefore, we investigated whether topical adm

• Despite functional studies demonstrating the role

  2025-01-17

  

  Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of 5-HT in ureteral contractility, the source of endogenous 5-HT in the ureter is unclear. Since 5-HT-containing enterochromaffin cells, which are present in the gastrointestinal tract, could not be found in the ureter (Nocito et al., 2007, Ripoche,

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